Here, we determine whether maternal separation with early weaning (MSEW) causes changes that are observable at the level of the whole brain, whole hemisphere, gray matter, or WM. Hence, because of the variety of brain structures that are involved, the different degrees to which each structure could be affected and the inherent normal variability among individuals, the purpose of this study was to describe gross anatomical changes that could be consistently observed that are relevant to the behavioral abnormalities seen in survivors of ENA. 2008) and white matter (WM) abnormalities have been linked to the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders ( Buchsbaum et al. Similarly, prefrontal cortex (PFC) and cingulate gyrus are associated with ADHD ( Marsh and Blair 2008 Marsh et al. Many of the same structures in the limbic midbrain and forebrain are also associated with consumption of alcohol ( Myers and Privette 1989) and drugs of abuse ( Garavan et al. In anxiety, the structures implicated include cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala and frontal lobes ( Kuhar 1986). 1998), cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and thalamus ( Rama Krishnan 1992). For instance, among the structures implicated in depression are the amygdala ( Sheline et al. All of these conditions have been associated with neuroanatomical changes in diverse but significantly overlapping brain structures, perhaps mirroring the overlapping symptoms of these deficits. 2008), and delinquency ( Maxfield and Widom 1996 Widom and Maxfield 1996 Hildyard and Wolfe 2002 Kotch et al. 2007b), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ( Ouyang et al. 2008), drug and alcohol abuse ( Kaufman et al. 2007a), anxiety ( Kuhar 1986 Mathews et al. These problems include, among others, depression ( Bhatia and Bhatia 2007 Widom et al. In 2008 alone approximately 6 million children were maltreated and of these, about 772,000 were victims of abuse or neglect ( US-Government-Report 2008).Īlthough not all victims develop adverse effects, suggesting that many different factors modulate the consequences of early life experience, many exposed individuals do develop psychiatric maladies that manifest and persist into later life ( Lange et al. Yearly more than 20 out of every 1,000 children are abused or neglected within the first year of life. Moreover, our current knowledge of the mouse genome makes this model particularly suited for targeted anatomical, molecular, and pharmacological experimentation not yet possible in other species.Įarly life neglect and abuse (ENA) is a common problem in the USA with no discrimination for race, gender or socio-economical status. Because of the similarities between the neuroanatomical changes observed in our mouse model and those described in human survivors of ENA, this novel animal model is potentially useful for studies of human ENA too costly or cumbersome to be carried out in primates. Using the same model, here we report neuroanatomical changes that include smaller brain size and abnormal inter-hemispheric asymmetry, decreases in cortical thickness, abnormalities in subcortical structures, and white matter disorganization and atrophy most severely affecting the left hemisphere. (Front Psychiatry 2(18):1–18, 2011) described concomitant changes in mRNA and protein expression. (BMC Neurosci 11:123, 2010) demonstrated behavioral abnormalities in adult mice, and Bordner et al. Press Ctrl+Alt+ (default settings), where X is the number of the desktop you want to activate.Using a novel mouse model of early life neglect and abuse (ENA) based on maternal separation with early weaning, George et al. You can switch the desktop using your keyboard.MSEW allows you to see the whole desktop appearance and applications running on it without switching to this desktop.MSEW allows you to configure the number of virtual desktops from 1 up to 8.MSEW allows keeping its panel always above all running applications.
#Msew 1.0 windows
MSEW allows hiding it automatically when mouse goes from its panel, the same behavior as auto-hide behavior of Windows task-bar.
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